The history of the Internet begins with the
development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of
packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in
the United States, United Kingdom, and France. ... Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s.Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the national science foundation(NSF) funded the Computer Network Science (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the
ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for
national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided
interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers
(ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was
decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the
Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American
cities by late 1989 and 1990,
and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last
restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
The concept of data communication – transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire – predates the introduction of the first computer. Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices. telegraphs systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication. The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system.
Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon, Harry nyquist, and Ralph hartley in the early 20th century.
Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals. As the technology evolved, new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances (for terminals) or with higher speed (for interconnection of local devices) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model. These technologies made it possible to exchange data (such as files) between remote computers. However, the point-to-point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary. The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack.
The concept of data communication – transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire – predates the introduction of the first computer. Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices. telegraphs systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication. The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system.
Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon, Harry nyquist, and Ralph hartley in the early 20th century.
Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals. As the technology evolved, new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances (for terminals) or with higher speed (for interconnection of local devices) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model. These technologies made it possible to exchange data (such as files) between remote computers. However, the point-to-point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary. The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack.
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